|
.::
Second Year B. Pharm ::.
Syllabus, Saurashtra University, Rajkot
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Sr.
No.
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SUBJECT
|
MARKS*
|
|
Theory
|
Practical
|
|
1
|
Physical
Pharmaceutics |
100
|
100
|
|
2
|
Pharmaceutical
Engg. II (Unit Operations II) |
100
|
100
|
| 3 |
Pharma.
Jurisprudence |
100 |
-- |
|
4
|
Pharmaceutical
Chemistry (Organic Chemistry) |
100
|
100
|
|
5
|
Pharmaceutical
Analysis |
100
|
100
|
|
6
|
Pharmacology
I |
100
|
100
|
|
7
|
Pharmacognosy |
100
|
100 |
* Marks
includes sessional marks, 20% in each theory and practical)
PHARMACEUTICS-II (PHYSICAL PHARMACEUTICS)
THEORY
1.
Matter, properties of matter: state of matter,
change in the state of matter, latent heats and vapor
pressure, sublimation-critical point, eutectic mixtures,
gases, aerosols- inhalers,
relative humidity, liquid complexes, liquid crystals,
glasses state, solid crystalline and amorphous polymorphism.
2.
Micromeritics and powder rheology:
Particle size and distribution, average particle size
number and wt. Distribution, particle number, method of
determining particle size and volume, optical microscopy,
sieving, sedimentation, determining surface areas,
permeability, adsorption, derived properties of powders,
porosity, packing arrangement densities, bulkiness and flow
properties.
3.
Surface and
interfacial phenomenon:
liquid interface, surface and interfacial tensions,
surface free energy, measurement of surface and interfacial
tension, spreading coefficient, adsorption and liquid
interfaces, surface active agents, HLB classification,
solubilisation, detergency, absorption at
solid interfaces, solid gas and solid liquid
interfaces, complex films, electrical properties of
interfaces,
4.
Viscosity and rheology:
Newtonian systems, law of flow, kinematics viscosity,
effect of temperature, non Newtonian systems, pseudoplastics,
dilettante, plastic, thixotropy in formulations,
determination of viscosity and thixotropy by capillary,
falling ball, rotational viscometer, application of rheology
in pharmacy.
5.
Dispersion systems:
a. Colloidal dispersions:
Defination, types, properties of colloids, protective
colloids, application of colloids in pharmacy.
b.
Suspensions and emulsions:
Interfacial properties of suspended particles
setteling in suspension, theory of sedimentation, effect of
Brownian movement, sedimentation of flocculated particles,
sedimentation parameters, wetting of particles, controlled
flocculation, flocculation in structured vehicles,
rheological considerations, emulsions ; types, theories,
physical stability.
6.
Complexation : Classification of complexes,
methods of preparations and analysis, applications.
7.
Buffer equations and buffer capacity in
general. Buffers in pharmaceutical systems, preparations and
stability, buffered isotonic solutions. Measurements of
tonicity calculations and methods of adjusting isotonicity.
8.
Basic concepts of metrology: Measuring small
and large quantities (with
reference to sensitivity of balance) Measurement of density
and sp. Gravity.
9.
a.
Solubility and related
phenomena :
Solubility
definitions, expressions, phase rule, solvent solute
interactions, polar solvents-non polar solvents-semi polar
solvents, solubility of gases in liquids-effect of
pressure-temperature, salting out, chemical reactions,
solubility calculations, solubility of liquids in
liquids-ideal and real solutions complete and partial.
Miscibility-influence
of foreign substances-three component systems-dielectric
constant and solubility, solubility of solids in
liquids-ideal and non-ideal solutions-salvation
and association in solutions-solubility of salts in
water-solubility of slightly soluble and weak
electrolyte-calculating solubility of weak electrolytes as
influenced by PH, influence of solvents on the solubility of
drugs-combined effect of PH and solvents, distribution of
solutes between immisclble solvents, effect of ionic
dissociation and molecular association on partition,
extraction, preservatives action of weak acids in emulsions,
drug action and distribution co-efficients.
b.
Concepts of
dissolution and diffusion.
PRACTICAL : 3 hrs/week
1.
Determination of latent heat, vapour pressure,
critical point.
2.
Studies on polymorphs, their identification
and properties.
3.
Determination of particle size, particle size
distribution and surface area using various methods of
particle size analysis.
4.
Determination of derived properties of powders
like density, porosity, compressibility, angle of
repose etc.
5.
Determination of surface, interfacial tension,
HLB value and critical miscille concentration of surfactants
6.
Studies of rheological properties of various
types of systems using different viscometers
7.
Studies of different types
of colloids and their properties.
8.
Preparations of various types of suspension
and determination of their sedimentation parameters.
9.
Preparations and stability studies of
emulsions.
10.
Studies on different types of complexes and
determination of their stability constants
11.
Preparations of pharmaceutical buffers and
determination of buffer capacity.
12.
Preparations involving tonicity adjustment.
13.
Determination of CST and partial or mutual
solubility.
14.
Determination of CST of surfactant
15.
Determination of isoelectric point, bloom
rating of proteins and gelatin
16.
Study of measurement of molecular weight of
polymers macromolecular substances.
17.
Temperature dependency and viscosity studies
of binary systems
LIST OF BOOKS
1.
Physical pharmacy by Alfred Martin, 4th
edition.
2.
Pharmaceutics: The Science of Dosage Form
Design edited by M. E. Aulton(1998 edition)
3.
Remingtons:
The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 19th
edition, Vol I & II
4.
Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery
Systems by Anacl, Popovich and Allen, 6th
edition.
PHARMACEUTICS-III
(PHARMACEUTICAL
ENGINEERING UNIT
OPERATIONS-II)
THEORY
1.
Evaporation:
Basic concept of phase equilibria, factor affecting
evaporation, evaporators, film evaporators, single effect
and multiple effect evaporators, mathematical problems and
evaporation.
2.
Distillation:
Rault’s law, phase diagram, volatility: simple
steam and flash distillation, principles of rectification,
Mc-CabeThiele method for calculations of number of
theoretical plates,
Azeotropic and extractive distillation, mathematical
problems on distillation.
3.
Drying:
Moisture content and mechanism of drying, rate of
drying and time of drying, calculations: classifications and
types of dryers, dryers used in pharmaceutical industries
and special drying methods, mathematical problems in
drying.
4.
Size reduction and size separation:
Definition, objectives of size reduction, factors
affecting size reduction, laws governing in energy and power
requirement of a mill, types of mills including ball mill,
hammer mill, fluid energy mill and micronizer .
5.
Extraction:
Theory of extraction, extraction methods, equipment
for various types of
extraction process.
6.
Mixing: Theory
of mixing, solid-solid, solid-liquid and liquid-liquid
mixing equipment,
7.
Crystallization:
Characteristics of crystals like ; purity, size,
shape, geometry, habit, forms size and factors affecting
them. Solubility curves and calculation curves and
calculations of heat balance around S Swanson’s Walker
crystallizer , super saturation theory and its limitations,
Nucleation mechanism, crystal growth, study of various types
of crystallizers, tanks, agitated batch, Swensons
Walker, single vacuums, circulating magma and crystal
crystallizers, cacking of crystals and its prevention,
Numerical problems on yields.
8.
Automated process control systems:
Process variable, temperature, pressure, flow, level
and vacuum and their measurement. Elements of automatic
process control and introduction to automatic process
control. Elements
of computer aided manufacturing(CAM)
9.
Reactors and fundamentals of reactors design
for chemical reactions.
PRACTICAL : 3 hrs/week
1.
Determination of rate of evaporation, steam
distillation.
2.
Experiments based on steam, extractives
and azeotropic distillations.
3.
Determination of rate
of drying,
free moisture content and bound moisture content.
4.
Experiments to illustrate the influence
of various
parameters on the rate of drying.
5.
Experiments to illustrate principles of size
reduction, laws governing
energy and power requirement of size reduction.
6.
Experiments to illustrate solid solid mixing,
determination of mixing efficiency using different types of
mixers.
7.
Crystallization and smooth behavior .
8.
Principles of
extractions.
9.
Study of Stock’s low and sedimentation.
10.
Rectification.
11.
Particle size determination by microscopic
method.
LIST OF BOOKS
1.
The Theory and Practice of Industrial
Pharmacy, by Lachman, Lieberman and Kanig. 3rd
edition.
2.
Pharmaceutical Dosage form:
Tablets, Vol-II edited by Lieberman Lachman and
Schwartz. 2nd edition.
3.
Pharmaceutics:
The Science of Dosage Form Design by M. E. Aulton
(1998 edition)
4.
Pharmaceutical Engineering by K. Sambamurthy
5.
Remington:
The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, vol I
& II. 19th edition.
6.
Elementary Chemical Engineering by Max S.
Peters.
7.
Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering (5th
edition) by McCabe, Smith and Harriott
8.
Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Hand Book by
Robert Perry, (6th edition).
9.
Tutorial Pharmacy(Cooper & Gunn)
PHARMACEUTICAL
JURISPRUDENCE
THEORY
1.
Introduction: a. Pharmaceutical Legislation- A brief review
b. Drug and Pharmaceuticals Industry – A
brief review
c. Pharmaceutical Education – A brief
review
2.
An elaborate (practical oriented) study of the
following:
a.
Pharmaceutical Ethics
b.
Pharmacy Act-1948
c.
Drugs and Cosmetics Act-1940 and Rules –1945
d.
Medicinal and Toilet preparations (Excise
Duties) Act- 1955
e.
Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances
Act-1985 and rules
f.
Drug Price Control Order.
3.
A brief study of the following with special
references to the mane provisions:
a.
Poisons Act-1919
b.
Drugs and Magic Remedies (Objectionable
Advertisements ) Act-1954
c.
Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act-1970 and
Rules-1975
d.
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act-1960
e.
States Sops and Establishment Act and Rules
f.
Insecticides Act-1968
g.
AICTE Act-1987
h.
Factories Act-1948
i.
Minimum Wages Act-1948
j.
Patents Act
k.
Trade and Merchandise Act
l.
Industrial Regulation Act (Pollution )
4.
A brief study of the various prescriptions/non
- prescription products, medical/surgical accessories,
diagnostic aids, appliances available in the market.
Note:
The teaching of all the above acts should cover the
latest amendments
LIST OF BOOKS
1.
A Text Book of Forensic Pharmacy by B. M.
Mithal, 8th edition.
2.
A Text Book of Forensic Pharmacy by N. K.
Jain, Vallabh Prakashan
3.
The Patent Act-1970 with Patens Rules –1972
4.
The Narcotic and Psychotropic Substances
Act-1985 with the prevention of illicit traffic in narcotic
drugs and psychotropic substances act-1988 along with allied
rules and orders-1993.
5.
The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act-1971,
along with the medical termination of pregnancy rules-1975
6.
Insecticides Act-1963 to gather with
insecticide rule 1971 and insecticide (Price, Stock, Display
and Submission of reports) order-1986 along with selected
notifications (5th edition, 1998)
7.
The Drugs (Price Control) Order-1987 along
with new drug policy-1994 and drugs (Price Control)
order-1995
8.
The Opium Act-1857 with opium act-1878 and
opium and revenue laws act-1950
9.
The Standards of Weight and Measures Act-1976
10.
The Pharmacy Act-1998
11.
The Prevention of Illicit Traffic in Narcotic
Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act-1988
12.
The Poisons Act –1999
13.
The Minimum Wages Act-1948
14.
The Drugs and Cosmetics Act-1940
15.
The Medical and Toilet Preparations Act-1955
16.
Factories Act-1948
17.
Prevention
of Cruelty to Animal Act-1960
18.
Drugs and Cosmetics Act-1940 by Vijay Malik, 7th
edition.
19.
Pharmaceutical Jurisprudence by N. K. Jain (Vallabh
Prakashan)
PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY
(ORGANIC CHEMISTRY)
THEORY
The
subject of organic chemistry will be treated in its modern
prospective keeping for the sake of convenience, the
usual classifications of organic compounds
1.
Structures and properties :
Atomic structure, atomic orbitals, molecular orbital
theory, Wave equation, molecular orbitals bondingand anti
bonding orbitals, covalent bond, hybride orbital,
intramolecular forces, bond dissociation energy, polarity of
bonds, polarity of molecules, structure and physical
properties, intermolecular forces, acids and bases.
2.
Stereochemistry:
Stereo selective and stereo specific reactions,
isomerism and nomenclature and associated physicochemical
properties, optical activity, stereo isomerism,
specifications of configurations, reactions involving stereo
isomers, confirmations, chirality, chiral reagents, stereo
chemistry of Biphenyl, Allens, Spirans and Decalins.
3.
Structure, nomenclature preparations and reactions of
: Alkanes,
Alkenes, Alkynes, Cycloalkanes,
Diens, Benzene, Polyneuclear Aeromatic compounds, Arenes,
Alkyl Halides, Alcohols, Ethers, Epoxides, Amines, Phenols,
Aldehydes and Ketons, Carboxylic acids,
Carbanions, Carbenes, Nitrene, Nitreniumions,
4.
Nucleophillic aromatic substitutions, alpha,
beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, conservation of orbital
symmetry and rules.
5.
Electrocyclic Cycloeditions and Sigmatrophic
reactions, neighboring group effects, catalysis by
transition, metal complexes.
PRACTICAL : 3 hrs/week
1.
The students should be introduced to the
various laboratory technique through demonstrations
involving synthesis of selected organic compounds(e.g.
Aspirin, p-bromoacetanalide, anthraquinone
from anthracin, reduction of nitrobenzene etc.
2.
Identification of organic compounds and their
derivatives.
3.
Exercise involving stereo selective synthesis
of a compound, resolution of racemic DL-Alanine or any other
example.
4.
Introduction to the use of stereo models
LIST OF BOOKS
1.
“Organic
Chemistry” by Morrison Boyd.
2.
Organic Chemistry, Vol-I and II by Finar.
PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS -
I
THEORY : 3 Lectures / Week
(2:15 hrs) – Received on 8-2-2006
1.
Significance of quantitative analysis in
quality control, different technique of analysis,
preliminaries and definition, significant figures, rules for
retaining significant digits, types of errors, mean data
sets, selection samples, precision and accuracy,
fundamentals of volumetric analysis, methods of expressing
concentration, primary and secondary standards, USP
parameters for methods validation, rejection criteria and
q-test.
2.
Acid base titration:
Acid base concept, role of solvent, relative
strengths of acids and bases, Vanslake equation, law of mass
action, common ion effect, ionic product of water, pH
hydrolysis of salts, Henderson-Hesselbach equation, buffer
solutions, buffer capacity, neutralization curve, acid base
indicators, theory of indicators, choice of indicators,
mixed indicators, poly-protic systems, polyamine and amino
acid system, amino acid titration, applications in assay of
H3PO4, NaOH, CaCO3 etc.,
differential titration, biphasic titration of salts like
sodium salicylate, sodium benzoate etc.
3.
Oxidation reduction titration :
Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox titration,
strength and equivalent weight of oxidizing and reducing
agents, theory of redox titration, redox indicators, cell
representation, measurement of electrode potential,
oxidation reduction curves, iodimetry and iodometry,
titration involving ceric sulphate, potassium iodate,
potassium bromate, potassium permanganate; titanious
chloride and sodium 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol.
4.
Precipitation titration :
Precipitation reactions, solubility products, effect
of acids, temperature and solvent etc. upon the solubility
of precipitate. Argentometric titration, and titration
involving ammonium of potassium thiocynate, mercuric nitrate
and barium sulphate indicators, Gay-lussac method; Mohr’s
method, Volhar’s method and Fajan’s method.
5.
Gravimetric analysis :
Precipitation techniques, solubility products; the
colloidal states, super saturational co | 
