.:: First Year B. Pharm ::.
Syllabus, Saurashtra University, Rajkot

* Marks includes sessional marks, 20% in each theory and practical)

Pharmaceutical Engineering (Unit Operations-I)

3Hrs/Week

Introduction & basic laws of unit operation.                                          

1.         Stoichiometry:                                                                                             [7]

Unit operations processes, material and energy balance, molecular units, mole fraction, tie substances, gas laws, mole volume, primary and secondary quantities, equilibrium state, rate process, steady and unsteady states, dimensionless equations, dimensionless formulae, dimensionless groups, different type of graphic representation. (mathematical problems included).

2.         Fluid flow:                                                                                                              [6]

Type of flow, Reynold's number, viscosity, concept of boundary layer, basic equation of fluid flow, study of valves, flow meters, manometers and measurement of flow and pressure. (mathematical problems included).

3.         Filtration and Centrifugation:                                                                        [8]

Theory of filtrations, filter aids, filter media, industrial filters, including filter press, rotary filter, edge filters, filter leaf and laboratory filtration equipments etc., Factor effecting filtration, mathematical problems on filtrations, optimum cleaning cycle in batch filters. Principles of centrifugation, industrial centrifugal filters and centrifugal sedimentars.

4.         Heat transfer:                                                                                              [7]

Source of heat, mechanism of heat transfer, the laws of heat transfer steam and electricity as heating media, determination of requirement of amount of steam/electrical energy , steam pressure, boiler capacity, mathematical problems on heat transfer, steam traps and reducing valve, lagging etc.

5.         Dehumidification and humidity control:                                                         [4]

Basic concept and definition, wet bulb and adiabatic saturation temperatures, psychometric count and measurement of humidity, application of humidity measurement in pharmacy, equipments for humidification and dehumidification operations.

6.         Refrigeration and air conditioning:                                                                            [3]

            Principles and applications of refrigeration and air conditioning.

7.         Material of construction:                                                                                          [6]

General study of composition, corrosion, resistance, properties and applications of the materials of construction with special reference to stainless steel ,glass, ferrous metals, cast iron, non ferrous metals, copper and alloys, aluminum and alloys, lead, tin silver, nickel and alloys, chromium and non metals, stone, slate, brick, asbestos, plastics, rubber, timber, concrete. Corrosion and its prevention with reference to commonly used material in pharmaceutical plants. 

8.         Industrial hazards & safety precautions.                                                                   [4]

Mechanical, chemical, electrical, fire, dust, noise hazards Industrial dermatitis, accident, records, safety requirements/equipments etc.

9.         Material handling system:                                                                                        [9]

a.       Liquid handling: different type of pumps, storage tanks for volatile and inflammable liquids.

b.      Gas handling, various type of fans, blowers, compressors and cylinders.

c.       Solid handling, bins, bunkers, conveyers, air transport.

10.       Packaging of materials:                                                                                [3]

Functions, qualities of package, hazards encountered by package, protection to be given by package, containers, closures, foils and pressure packs used for pharmaceutical products.

Practical                                                                                                          4 Hrs/Week

1.                  Measurement of flow of fluid and their pressure, determination of Reynold's number and calculation of frictional losses.

2.                  Evaluation of filter media, determination of rate of filtrations and study of factors affecting filtration.

3.                  Experiments to demonstrate applications of centrifugation, thermometers and psychometric charts.

4.                  Determination of humidity, use of dry bulb and wet bulb.

5.                  Elementary knowledge of engineering drawing, concept of orthographic and isometric views of elevation and third angle projection., notation and abbreviation used in engineering drawing

6.                  Heat transfer coefficient determination.

7.                  Other practical on topics covered under theory.

Books recommended

1.         Tutorial Pharmacy

            Coopers and Gunn's, S. J. Carter

2.         The Theory and Practice of Industrial Pharmacy,

            L. Lachman, H. A. Lieberman and J. L. Kanig.

3.         Elementary Chemical Engineering

            M. S. Peters

4.         Chemical Engineer's Book

            R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton

5.         Unit Operation of Chemical Engineering

            Warren L. McCabe, Julian C. Smith & Peter Harriott

6.         Introduction to Chemical Engineering.

            Walter L. Badger, Julious T. Bancherd

7.         Chemical Engineering, Vol: I-VI

            J.M.Coulson  & J.F. Richardson

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY - I  (Inorganic)

THEORY                                 [Total Teaching Hours = 75 hrs]                         3 Hours / Week

A.        Quality control of drugs and Pharmaceuticals                                         [06hrs]

Importance of quality control, sources of impurities in pharmaceuticals. Test for purity including limit test for Arsenic, Iron, Chloride, Sulphate, Lead and Heavy metals.

B.         An outline of methods of preparation, properties [Chemical and physical], test for purity, identity assay principle of the following class of compounds included in the latest edition of the Indian Pharmacopoeia. Their medicinal and pharmaceutical uses, storage and chemical incompatibility.                                 [08hrs]

1.         Pharmaceutical Necessities                                                                             [10hrs]

            a.         Acid and bases

Acid -base theories, boric acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, sodium hydroxide, strong ammonia solution, soda lime.

            b.         Buffers

                        Theory and mechanism of buffers

                        official buffers

            c.         Anti-oxidants

                        Theory of antioxidants,

Hypo phosphorus acid, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, sodium nitrite, Nitrogen

            d.         Water

                        Purified water, Water for injection

                        Sterile water for injection

2.         Gastro - intestinal agents                                                                                   [10hrs]

            a.         Acidifying agents

                        Dilute hydrochloric agents

            b.         Antacids

                        Antacid therapy, sodium bicarbonate

Aluminum hydroxide gel, calcium containing antacids, Magnesium containing antacids. combination antacid preparation.

            c.         Protectives and adsorbents

                        Bismuth sub carbonate, bismuth sub gallate kaolin, activated charcoal

            d.         Saline Cathartics

                        Sodium containing products, Magnesium containing products

                        Sodium potassium tartarate

3.         Major Intra and Extra cellular Electrolytes                                                         [06hrs]

            a.         Physiological ions

            b.         Electrolytes used for replacement therapy

            c.         Physiological acid base balance

            d.         Electrolytes combination therapy

4.         Essential and trace ions.                                                                                    [03hrs]

            Transition elements and their compounds of pharmaceutical importance

            a.         Compounds of iron

            b.         Mineral supplements

                        Iodine, potassium iodide

5.         Topical agents                                                                                                  [10hrs]

            a.         Protectives

                        Talc, zinc oxide, calamine, Titanium dioxide, silicone polymer

            b.         Antimicrobials and astringents

                        Antimicrobial terminology and mechanism of action

                        Hydrogen peroxide, potassium permanganate,

                        Iodine, Povidone iodine

Silver nitrate, mild silver protein, yellow mercuric oxide, ammoniated mercury antimony potassium tartarate, sublime sulphur, precipitated sulphur

                        Boric acid

            c.         Astringents

                        Alum, zinc sulphate

6.         Complexing and chelating agents                                                                       [01hrs]

            Disodium edetate, dimercaprol

7.         Dental products                                                                                                [02hrs]

            a.         Anticaries agents

            b.         Dentifrice

8.         Gases and vapors                                                                                             [03hrs]

            a.         Inhalants - oxygen

            b.         Anesthetics - nitrous oxide

            c.         Respiratory stimulants

                        Ammonium carbonate, aromatic spirit of ammonia carbon dioxide.

9.         Miscellaneous agents                                                                                        [06hrs]

            a.         Expectorants - ammonium chloride, potassium iodide

            b.         Emetics - Antimony potassium tartarate

            c.         Antidotes - sodium nitrite, sodium thiosulphate

            d.         Pharmaceutical aids

                        Antioxidants, preservatives, filter aids, absorbents diluents, excipients,

                        suspending agents colouring agents etc.

10        Radiopharmaceuticals                                                                                       [05hrs]

            a.         General theory regarding radio activity, Nomenclature units, radio active

                        decay, Biological effects of radiation, radio pharmaceutical preparation

            b.         Measurement of radio activity, G. M. counter storage and handling radio-

                        Pharmaceuticals

            c.         Radio - opaque contrast media

                        Barium sulphate

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY - I (Inorganic)

PRACTICALS                        75 HOURS                                          3 Hrs / Week

1.                  The background and systematic qualitative analysis of inorganic mixture of up to four radicals. Six mixtures to be analyzed, preferably by semi - micro method

2.                  Volumetric analysis

            Preparation and standardization of some standard solutions

            Volumetric analysis of some important compounds covered in theory

3.         Limit tests for

Chloride, sulphate, iron, arsenic, lead and heavy metals along with few modifications

4.         All identification tests for pharmacopoeial inorganic pharmaceuticals. Qualitative tests inorganic pharmaceuticals. Qualitative tests for cat ions and anions should be covered.

Books Recommended.

1.         Inorganic medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry.

            By J.H.BLOCK, E.B. ROCHE, T.O.SONIE, C.O.WILSON

            Indian edition Varghese publishing house, Bombay .

2.         The Indian Pharmacopoeia        Latest edition

3.         Bentley and driver's text book of pharmaceutical chemistry

            oxford university press

4.         Practical pharmaceutical chemistry edited by A.H. BECKETT, J.B.STENLAKE

            CBS Publication Indian edition

5.         Semi micro qualitative analysis

            U.V. Nadkarny, A.N.Kothari, P.S.Fernendes Popular Pakistan Pharmaceutical

6.         Modern Inorganic Pharmaceutical Chemistry by C.A.Discher

            Johon Wiley and sons New York

7.         Vogel's Qualitative Inorganic analysis revised by G.Svehla

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (Physical)

THEORY                            [Total teaching Hours 60 Hrs]                           2:15 Hours/Week

1.                  Physical Properties of matter:                                                                            [06Hrs]

Optical activity, refractive index, dielectric constant and dipole moment, surface tension, spreading coefficient viscosity, sublimation, vapour pressure, change in state of matter.

2.                  Phase equilibria involving a single substance                                                       [03Hrs]

3.                  Phase equilibria and solubility                                                                [05Hrs]

Solublisation and enthalpy of solutions

Concentration units

Types of solution : Gases in gases and liquids, effect of temperature and pressure on solubility of gases. Liquid in liquids; immiscible liquids pairs, partially miscible liquid pair. Solid in liquid; solubility of covalent solids in covalent liquid, solubility of ionic compound in water. Partition of a solute between two immiscible solvents including partition involving association or dissociation of the solute in one of the immiscible solvents.

4.                  Phase equilibria and solution                                                                              [08Hrs]

The vapour pressure of an ideal solution, Raoult’s law

Boiling point and freezing point determination

Boiling point composition diagnosis for ideal solution

Fractional distillation

The vapour pressure of non-ideal solution (Azeotropic mixture)

Immiscible liquid mixtures

Two component mixture comprising a volatile solvent and a non-volatile solute

Freezing point and boiling points of solutions comprising a volatile solute and non-volatile solute

Osmosis and osmotic pressure, law of osmotic pressure. Osmosis in biological systems

Reverse osmosis, determination of relative molecular masses of polymers by osmosis

Conductance and its measurement, Debye Huckel theory, Kahlraush’s law of independent migration of ions.

5.                  Electrochemistry                                                                                               [05Hrs]

Electrochemical cell, Nernst equation, cell EMF, reference electrode, indicator electrode, principle of pH meter.

6.                  Thermodynamics             &nb